Diagnóstico
Diagnóstico da enfermidade celíaca
O erro máis consequential é eliminar o gluten antes de ser probado. Faise moito máis difícil obter un diagnóstico definitivo.
Por que debes seguir consumindo gluten
A enfermidade celíaca diagnostícase detectando a resposta inmune ao gluten e o dano intestinal que causa. Se eliminas o gluten, ambos desaparecen: os anticorpos caen cara a normalidade ao longo de semanas a meses, e as vilosidades comezan a recuperarse. Proba nese momento e o resultado é ininterpretábel.
O remedio é un desafío de gluten — reintroducir deliberadamente o gluten durante varias semanas antes das probas — que é tan desagradable que moitas persoas rexeitan e acaban cunha dieta restrictiva de por vida e sen diagnóstico. Iso importa máis do que parece: sen un diagnóstico, pode que non recibas seguimento da densidade ósea, apoio dietético específico para a enfermidade celíaca, ou en varios países europeos, os dereitos de prescrición e subvención que veñen con iso.
A secuencia de probas
| Paso | Proba | O que che di |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Transglutaminase tisular IgA (tTG-IgA) + IgA total | A proba de cribado. A IgA total mídese porque a deficiencia causa falsos negativos. |
| 2 | Anticorpo endomisial (EMA) se tTG é equívoco | Seroloxía confirmatoria altamente específica. |
| 3 | Biopsia duodenal, múltiples mostras incluíndo o bulbo | Atrofia vilosa graduada pola clasificación de Marsh. A enfermidade parcheada é a razón pola que importan múltiples mostras. |
| 4 | HLA-DQ2/DQ8 en casos ambigüos | Un resultado negativo exclúe efectivamente a enfermidade celíaca. |
As directrices europeas de 2025 [2] e a guía do American College of Gastroenterology coinciden nesta arquitectura xeral, con diferenzas nos márxenes — particularmente en torno a cando se pode omitir unha biopsia.
Camiño diagnóstico
Posible enfermidade celíaca
Unha categoría confusa: seroloxía positiva, biopsia normal. Unha revisión sistemática e un metaanálise en Gut examinaron os resultados clínicos neste grupo, o que importa porque a cuestión de xestión — tratar agora ou monitorizar — non ten unha resposta obvia. Moitos, aínda que non todos, progresan a atrofia vilosa co tempo.
Quen debe ser probado
- Diarréia crónica, distensión abdominal ou perda de peso inexplicada.
- Anemia ferropénica sen unha causa obvia — unha presentación moi común, e unha na que a guía de gastroenteroloxía especificamente menciona as probas para a enfermidade celíaca [7].
- Un familiar de primeiro grao con enfermidade celíaca, onde a prevalencia é aproximadamente dez veces a taxa de fondo.
- Diabetes tipo 1, enfermidade tiroidea autoinmune e varias outras condicións autoinmunes que se agrupan con ela.
- Transaminasas elevadas inexplicadas, úlceras bucais recorrentes ou osteoporose precoz.
- Dermatite herpetiforme, que é efectivamente a enfermidade celíaca da pel e é diagnóstica por si mesma.
Nota o que non está nesta lista: a distensión abdominal soa, na ausencia de calquera outra cousa, é moito máis a miúdo síndrome do intestino irritable — e a guía do ACG sobre a xestión do SII [4] é o documento máis relevante para a maioría desas presentacións. A enfermidade celíaca e o SII superpóñense o suficiente como para que a distinción necesite realmente probas en lugar de suposicións.
Preguntas frecuentes
Pódeseme diagnosticar sen biopsia?
Canto glute necesito comer antes de facer a proba?
Son fiables as probas de anticorpos para facer na casa?
As miñas probas deron negativo pero o glute faime mal. Que fago agora?
Lectura relacionada
Referencias
Cada cita abaixo enlaza co rexistro orixinal revisado por pares en PubMed ou a través de DOI. Nada aquí substitúe o consello médico.
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