Diagnose
At blive diagnosticeret med cøliaki
Den enkeltstående mest afgørende fejl er at fjerne gluten fra kosten, før du bliver testet. Det gør det meget sværere at få en endegyldig diagnose.
Hvorfor du skal fortsætte med at spise gluten
Cøliaki diagnosticeres ved at påvise immunresponset på gluten og den tarmskade, det forårsager. Fjern gluten, og begge dele forsvinder gradvist: antistofferne falder mod det normale over uger til måneder, og tarmvilli begynder at komme sig. Testes der på det tidspunkt, kan resultatet ikke tolkes.
Løsningen er en glutenprovokation — hvor man bevidst genindfører gluten i flere uger før testning — hvilket er ubehageligt nok, at mange vælger det fra og ender med en livslang restriktiv kost uden diagnose. Det betyder mere, end det lyder til: uden en diagnose får man muligvis ikke opfølgende knogledensitetsmåling, cøliaki-specifik diætistisk støtte, eller i flere europæiske lande de tilskuds- og receptrettigheder, der følger med.
Testforløbet
| Trin | Test | Hvad det viser |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Vævstransglutaminase-IgA (tTG-IgA) + total IgA | Screeningstesten. Total IgA måles, fordi mangel giver falsk negative resultater. |
| 2 | Endomysium-antistof (EMA), hvis tTG er uklar | Meget specifik bekræftende serologi. |
| 3 | Duodenal biopsi, flere prøver inklusive bulben | Villusatrofi gradueres efter Marsh-klassifikationen. Pletvis sygdom er årsagen til, at flere prøver er vigtige. |
| 4 | HLA-DQ2/DQ8 i tvivlsomme tilfælde | Et negativt resultat udelukker effektivt cøliaki. |
De europæiske retningslinjer fra 2025 [2] og vejledningen fra American College of Gastroenterology er enige om denne overordnede struktur, med forskelle i detaljerne — særligt omkring hvornår en biopsi kan udelades.
Diagnostisk forløb
Potentiel cøliaki
En forvirrende kategori: positiv serologi, normal biopsi. En systematisk gennemgang og metaanalyse i Gut undersøgte de kliniske udfald i denne gruppe, hvilket har betydning, fordi behandlingsspørgsmålet — behandle nu eller monitorere — ikke har et entydigt svar. Mange, men ikke alle, udvikler villusatrofi over tid.
Hvem bør testes
- Kronisk diarré, oppustethed eller uforklaret vægttab.
- Jernmangelanæmi uden en klar årsag — et meget almindeligt symptombillede, og et af de tilfælde, hvor gastroenterologiske retningslinjer specifikt anbefaler test for cøliaki [7].
- En førstegradsslægtning med cøliaki, hvor prævalensen er cirka ti gange baggrundsraten.
- Type 1-diabetes, autoimmun thyreoideasygdom og flere andre autoimmune tilstande, der ophobes sammen med den.
- Uforklaret forhøjede transaminaser, recidiverende mundsår eller tidlig osteoporose.
- Dermatitis herpetiformis, som i praksis er cøliaki i huden og i sig selv er diagnostisk.
Bemærk, hvad der ikke står på listen: oppustethed alene, uden andre symptomer, er langt oftere irritabel tyktarm — og ACG's retningslinje for behandling af IBS [4] er det mere relevante dokument for de fleste af disse symptombilleder. Cøliaki og IBS overlapper i så høj grad, at sondringen reelt kræver testning frem for gætværk.
Ofte stillede spørgsmål
Kan jeg diagnosticeres uden en biopsi?
Hvor meget gluten skal jeg indtage før testning?
Er hjemme-antistoftests pålidelige?
Mine tests var negative, men gluten gør mig dårlig. Hvad nu?
Relateret læsning
References
Every citation below links to the original peer-reviewed record on PubMed or via DOI. Nothing here is a substitute for medical advice.
-
Assessment of growth status and nutritional management of prematurely born infants after hospital discharge: A position paper of the ESPGHAN Nutrition Committee Haiden N, Luque V, Domellöf M, et al. · Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2025 · Clinical guideline DOIPubMed 40341618
-
European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease 2025 Updated Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Coeliac Disease in Adults. Part 1: Diagnostic Approach Al-Toma A, Zingone F, Branchi F, et al. · United European gastroenterology journal · 2025 · Clinical guideline DOIPubMed 40999951Full text
-
Italian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of functional dyspepsia - joint consensus from the Italian societies of gastroenterology and endoscopy (SIGE), Neurogastroenterology and motility (SINGEM), hospital gastroenterologists and endoscopists (AIGO), digestive endoscopy (SIED) and general medicine (SIMG) Sarnelli G, Pesce M, Barbara G, et al. · Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver · 2025 · Clinical guideline DOIPubMed 40628573
-
Global Prevalence of Celiac Disease in Patients With Rome III and Rome IV Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Shiha MG, Schiepatti A, Manza F, et al. · The American journal of gastroenterology · 2025 · Meta-analysis DOIPubMed 40493044
-
Updated joint ESPGHAN/NASPGHAN guidelines for management of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents (2023) Homan M, Jones NL, Bontems P, et al. · Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2024 · Clinical guideline DOIPubMed 39148213
-
Autoimmune diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes: an umbrella review Singh M, Wambua S, Lee SI, et al. · BMC medicine · 2024 · Systematic review DOIPubMed 38438886Full text
-
Autoimmune diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes: an umbrella review Singh M, Wambua S, Lee SI, et al. · Lancet (London, England) · 2023 · Systematic review DOIPubMed 37997130
-
ACG Guideline: Diagnosis and Management of Celiac Disease Chaudrey KH · The American journal of gastroenterology · 2023 · Clinical guideline DOIPubMed 36602833
-
ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Lacy BE, Pimentel M, Brenner DM, et al. · The American journal of gastroenterology · 2021 · Clinical guideline DOIPubMed 33315591
-
Pediatric Psoriasis Comorbidities Kittler NW, Cordoro KM · Skin therapy letter · 2020 · Clinical guideline PubMed 33196156
-
European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) guideline for coeliac disease and other gluten-related disorders Al-Toma A, Volta U, Auricchio R, et al. · United European gastroenterology journal · 2019 · Clinical guideline DOIPubMed 31210940Full text
-
Global Prevalence of Celiac Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Singh P, Arora A, Strand TA, et al. · Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · 2018 · Meta-analysis DOIPubMed 29551598
-
Recommendations to report and interpret HLA genetic findings in coeliac disease Núñez C, Garrote JA, Arranz E, et al. · Revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas · 2018 · Clinical guideline DOIPubMed 29722267
-
Screening for Celiac Disease: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. · JAMA · 2017 · Clinical guideline DOIPubMed 28350936
-
[GUIDELINES FOR DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF CELIAC DISEASE] Lazebnik LB, Tkachenko YI, Oreshko LS, et al. · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia gastroenterologiia = Experimental & clinical gastroenterology · 2015 · Clinical guideline PubMed 26387169
-
ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Other complications and diabetes-associated conditions in children and adolescents Kordonouri O, Klingensmith G, Knip M, et al. · Pediatric diabetes · 2014 · Clinical guideline DOIPubMed 25182319
-
ACG releases guideline on diagnosis and management of celiac disease Armstrong C · American family physician · 2014 · Clinical guideline PubMed 24695571
-
ACG clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of celiac disease Rubio-Tapia A, Hill ID, Kelly CP, et al. · The American journal of gastroenterology · 2013 · Clinical guideline DOIPubMed 23609613Full text
-
Joint BSPGHAN and Coeliac UK guidelines for the diagnosis and management of coeliac disease in children Murch S, Jenkins H, Auth M, et al. · Archives of disease in childhood · 2013 · Clinical guideline DOIPubMed 23986560
-
[Recommendations for the regional and federal rosters of celiac disease] Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia gastroenterologiia = Experimental & clinical gastroenterology · 2009 · Clinical guideline PubMed 20201298
-
Federation of International Societies of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition consensus report on celiac disease Fasano A, Araya M, Bhatnagar S, et al. · Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2008 · Clinical guideline DOIPubMed 18664878
-
AGA Clinical Practice Update on GI Manifestations and Autonomic or Immune Dysfunction in Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: Expert Review Aziz Q, Harris LA, Goodman BP, et al. · Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · 2025 · Review DOIPubMed 40387691
-
Down Syndrome and Autoimmune Disease Hom B, Boyd NK, Vogel BN, et al. · Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2024 · Review DOIPubMed 38913142Full text
-
AGA Clinical Practice Update on Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia: Expert Review DeLoughery TG, Jackson CS, Ko CW, et al. · Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · 2024 · Review DOIPubMed 38864796
-
AGA Clinical Practice Update on Evaluation and Management of Belching, Abdominal Bloating, and Distention: Expert Review Moshiree B, Drossman D, Shaukat A · Gastroenterology · 2023 · Review DOIPubMed 37452811
-
AGA Clinical Practice Update on Management of Refractory Celiac Disease: Expert Review Green PHR, Paski S, Ko CW, et al. · Gastroenterology · 2022 · Review DOIPubMed 36137844
-
Dermatitis Herpetiformis: An Update on Diagnosis and Management Reunala T, Hervonen K, Salmi T · American journal of clinical dermatology · 2021 · Review DOIPubMed 33432477Full text
-
Medical Care of Adults With Down Syndrome: A Clinical Guideline Tsou AY, Bulova P, Capone G, et al. · JAMA · 2020 · Review DOIPubMed 33079159
-
Epidemiology of Celiac Disease Ludvigsson JF, Murray JA · Gastroenterology clinics of North America · 2019 · Review DOIPubMed 30711202
-
Incidence, prevalence, and co-occurrence of autoimmune disorders over time and by age, sex, and socioeconomic status: a population-based cohort study of 22 million individuals in the UK Conrad N, Misra S, Verbakel JY, et al. · Lancet (London, England) · 2023 · Journal article DOIPubMed 37156255
-
Coeliac families Greco L, Troncone R · Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2002 · Journal article DOIPubMed 11883812